The Local Joh
Sir Johannes "Joh" Bjelke-Petersen KCMG, (13 January 1911 – 23 April 2005),
New Zealand-born Australian politician, was the longest-serving and
longest-lived Premier of the state of Queensland. He held office from 1968 to
1987, a period that saw considerable economic development in the state. His
uncompromising conservatism (including his role within the downfall of the
Whitlam federal government), his political longevity, and his leadership of a
government that, in its latter years, was revealed to be institutionally
corrupt, made him one of the best-known political figures in twentieth-century
Australia.Joh_Bjelke similar sites are
Longest Lived Jo LTJo.com
The Linked Java Object
Java refers to a number of computer software products and specifications from
Sun Microsystems that together provide a system for developing application
software and deploying it in a cross-platform environment. Java is used in a
wide variety of computing platforms spanning from embedded devices and mobile
phones on the low end to enterprise servers and super computers on the high end.
Java is fairly ubiquitous in mobile phones, Web servers and enterprise
applications, and somewhat less common on desktop computers, though users may
have come across Java applets when browsing the World Wide Web.
Writing in the Java programming language is the primary way to produce code that
will be deployed as Java bytecode, though there are compilers available for
other languages such as JavaScript, Python and Ruby, and a native Java scripting
language called Groovy. Java syntax borrows heavily from C and C++ but it
eliminates certain low-level constructs such as pointers and has a very simple
memory model where every object is allocated on the heap and all variables of
object types are references. Memory management is handled through integrated
automatic garbage collection performed by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
Sun Microsystems has made the bulk of its implementation of Java available under
the GNU General Public License, although there are still a few parts distributed
as precompiled binaries due to intellectual property restrictions.
Platform
Enlarge picture
Java Platform diagram from Sun, Jan 2007
The Java platform is the name for a bundle of related programs, or platform,
from Sun which allow for developing and running programs written in the Java
programming language. The platform is not specific to any one processor or
operating system, but rather an execution engine (called a virtual machine) and
a compiler with a set of standard libraries which are implemented for various
hardware and operating systems so that Java programs can run identically on all
of them.
Different "editions" of the platform are available, including:
* Java ME (Micro Edition): Specifies several different sets of libraries (known
as profiles) for devices which are sufficiently limited that supplying the full
set of Java libraries would take up unacceptably large amounts of storage.
* Java SE (Standard Edition): For general purpose use on desktop PCs, servers
and similar devices.
* Java EE (Enterprise Edition): Java SE plus various APIs useful for multi-tier
client-server enterprise applications.
As of December 2006, the current version of the Java Platform is specified as
either 1.6.0 or 6 (both refer to the same version). Version 6 is the product
version, while 1.6.0 is the developer version.
The Java Platform consists of several programs, each of which provides a
distinct portion of its overall capabilities. For example, the Java compiler,
which converts Java source code into Java bytecode (an intermediate language for
the Java Virtual Machine (JVM)), is provided as part of the Java Development Kit
(JDK). The sophisticated Java Runtime Environment (JRE), complementing the JVM
with a just-in-time (JIT) compiler, converts intermediate bytecode into native
machine code on the fly. Also supplied are extensive libraries (pre-compiled
into Java bytecode) containing reusable code, as well as numerous ways for Java
applications to be deployed, including being embedded in a web page as an
applet.
There are several other components, some available only in certain editions.
The essential components in the platform are the Java language compiler, the
libraries, and the runtime environment in which Java intermediate bytecode
"executes" according to the rules laid out in the virtual machine specification.
Java Virtual Machine
The heart of the Java Platform is the concept of a "virtual machine" that
executes Java bytecode programs. This bytecode is the same no matter what
hardware or operating system the program is running under. There is a JIT
compiler within the Java Virtual Machine, or JVM. The JIT compiler translates
the Java bytecode into native processor instructions at run-time and caches the
native code in memory during execution.
The use of bytecode as an intermediate language permits Java programs to run on
any platform that has a virtual machine available. The use of a JIT compiler
means that Java applications, after a short delay during loading and once they
have "warmed up" by being all or mostly JIT-compiled, tend to run about as fast
as native programs. Since JRE version 1.2, Sun's JVM implementation has included
a just-in-time compiler instead of an interpreter.
Class libraries
In most modern operating systems, a large body of reusable code is provided to
simplify the programmer's job. This code is typically provided as a set of
dynamically loadable libraries that applications can call at runtime. Because
the Java Platform is not dependent on any specific operating system,
applications cannot rely on any of the existing libraries. Instead, the Java
Platform provides a comprehensive set of standard class libraries, containing
much of the same reusable functions commonly found in modern operating systems.
The Java class libraries serve three purposes within the Java Platform. Like
other standard code libraries, they provide the programmer a well-known set of
functions to perform common tasks, such as maintaining lists of items or
performing complex string parsing. In addition, the class libraries provide an
abstract interface to tasks that would normally depend heavily on the hardware
and operating system. Tasks such as network access and file access are often
heavily dependent on the native capabilities of the platform. The Java java.net
and java.io libraries implement the required native code internally, then
provide a standard interface for the Java applications to perform those tasks.
Finally, when some underlying platform does not support all of the features a
Java application expects, the class libraries can either emulate those features
using whatever is available, or at least provide a consistent way to check for
the presence of a specific feature.
Languages
See also:
The word Java, by itself, usually refers to the Java programming language which
was designed for use with the Java Platform. Programming languages are typically
outside of the scope of the phrase "platform", although the Java programming
language is listed as a core part of the Java platform. The language and runtime
are therefore commonly considered a single unit.
Nevertheless, third parties have produced a number of compilers or interpreters
which target the JVM. Some of these are for existing languages, while others are
for extensions to the Java language itself. These include:
* AspectJ, Java with aspect oriented-programming
* Generic Java (GJ), which was incorporated into official Java as of Java SE 5.0
* Groovy
* BeanShell
* Jython, a Python interpreter that include jythonc, a Python-to-Java bytecode
compiler
* NetREXX
* Nice
* Pizza
* Scala
* JRuby, a Ruby interpreter
* Sleep, an interpreter mixing Perl and Objective-C features
* Rhino, a JavaScript interpreter
Similar platforms
See also: and
The success of Java and its write once, run anywhere concept has led to other
similar efforts, notably the Microsoft .NET platform, appearing since 2002,
which incorporates many of the successful aspects of Java. .NET in its complete
form (Microsoft's implementation) is currently only fully available on Windows
platforms, whereas Java is fully available on many platforms. .NET was built
from the ground-up to support multiple programming languages, while the Java
platform was initially built to support only the Java language (although many
other languages have been made for JVM since).
.NET includes an implementation of Java called Visual J# (formerly known as J++)
that is not compatible with the Java specification, and the associated class
library mostly dates to the old JDK 1.1 version of the language; for these
reasons, it is more a transitional language to switch from Java to the Microsoft
.NET platform, than a first class Microsoft .NET language.
Java Development Kit
Main article: Java Development Kit
The Java Development Kit (JDK) is a Sun product aimed at Java developers. Since
the introduction of Java, it has been by far the most widely used Java SDK. It
contains a Java compiler and a number of other important development tools as
well as a full copy of the Java Runtime Environment.
History
The Java platform and language began as an internal project at Sun Microsystems
in December of 1990, providing an alternative to the C++/C programming
languages. Engineer Patrick Naughton had become increasingly frustrated with the
state of Sun's C++ and C APIs (application programming interfaces) and tools.
While considering moving to NeXT, Naughton was offered a chance to work on new
technology and thus the Stealth Project was started.
The Stealth Project was soon renamed to the Green Project with James Gosling and
Mike Sheridan joining Naughton. Together with other engineers, they began work
in a small office on Sand Hill Road in Menlo Park, California. They were
attempting to develop a new technology for programming next generation smart
appliances, which Sun expected to be a major new opportunity.
The team originally considered using C++, but it was rejected for several
reasons. Because they were developing an embedded system with limited resources,
they decided that C++ demanded too large a footprint and that its complexity led
to developer errors. The language's lack of garbage collection meant that
programmers had to manually manage system memory, a challenging and error-prone
task. The team was also troubled by the language's lack of portable facilities
for security, distributed programming, and threading. Finally, they wanted a
platform that could be easily ported to all types of devices.
Bill Joy had envisioned a new language combining the best of Mesa and C. In a
paper called Further, he proposed to Sun that its engineers should produce an
object-oriented environment based on C++. Initially, Gosling attempted to modify
and extend C++ (which he referred to as "C++ ++ --") but soon abandoned that in
favor of creating an entirely new language, which he called Oak, after the tree
that stood just outside his office.
By the summer of 1992, they were able to demonstrate portions of the new
platform including the Green OS, the Oak language, the libraries, and the
hardware. Their first attempt, demonstrated on September 3, 1992, focused on
building a PDA device named Star7[1] which had a graphical interface and a smart
agent called "Duke" to assist the user. In November of that year, the Green
Project was spun off to become firstperson, a wholly owned subsidiary of Sun
Microsystems, and the team relocated to Palo Alto, California. The firstperson
team was interested in building highly interactive devices, and when Time Warner
issued an RFP for a set-top box, firstperson changed their target and responded
with a proposal for a set-top box platform. However, the cable industry felt
that their platform gave too much control to the user and firstperson lost their
bid to SGI. An additional deal with The 3DO Company for a set-top box also
failed to materialize. Unable to generate interest within the TV industry, the
company was rolled back into Sun.
Java meets the Internet
Enlarge picture
Java Web Start allows provisioning applications over the Web
In June and July of 1994, after three days of brainstorming with John Gage, the
Director of Science for Sun, Gosling, Joy, Naughton, Wayne Rosing, and Eric
Schmidt, the team re-targeted the platform for the World Wide Web. They felt
that with the advent of the first graphical web browser, Mosaic, the Internet
was on its way to evolving into the same highly interactive medium that they had
envisioned for cable TV. As a prototype, Naughton wrote a small browser,
WebRunner, later renamed HotJava.
That year, the language was renamed Java after a trademark search revealed that
Oak was used by Oak Technology, a manufacturer of video adaptor cards. The name
Java was coined at a local coffee shop frequented by some of the members.
In October of 1994, HotJava and the Java platform were demonstrated for some of
the Sun executives. Java 1.0a was made available for download in 1994, but the
first public release of Java and the HotJava browser was on 23 May 1995,
announced by Gage at the SunWorld conference. His announcement was accompanied
by a surprise announcement by Marc Andreessen, Executive Vice President of
Netscape Communications Corporation, that Netscape browsers would be including
Java support. On 9 January 1996, the JavaSoft group was formed by Sun
Microsystems in order to develop the technology.[2]
Version history
Main article: Java version history
The Java language has undergone several changes since JDK (Java Development Kit)
1.0 was released on (January 23, 1996), as well as numerous additions of classes
and packages to the standard library. Since J2SE 1.4, the evolution of the Java
Language has been governed by the Java Community Process (JCP), which uses Java
Specification Requests (JSRs) to propose and specify additions and changes to
the Java platform. The language is specified by the Java Language Specification
(JLS); changes to the JLS are managed under JSR 901.[3]
JDK 1.1 was released on February 19, 1997. Major additions included an extensive
retooling of the AWT event model, inner classes added to the language, JavaBeans
and JDBC.
J2SE 1.2 (December 8, 1998) — Codename Playground. This and subsequent releases
through J2SE 5.0 were rebranded Java 2 and the version name "J2SE" (Java 2
Platform, Standard Edition) replaced JDK to distinguish the base platform from
J2EE (Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition) and J2ME (Java 2 Platform, Micro
Edition). Major additions included reflection, a Collections framework, Java IDL
(an IDL implementation for CORBA interoperability), and the integration of the
Swing graphical API into the core classes. a Java Plug-in was released, and
Sun's JVM was equipped with a JIT compiler for the first time.
J2SE 1.3 (May 8, 2000) — Codename Kestrel. Notable changes included the bundling
of the HotSpot JVM (the HotSpot JVM was first released in April, 1999 for the
J2SE 1.2 JVM), JavaSound, Java Naming and Directory Interface (JNDI) and Java
Platform Debugger Architecture (JPDA).
J2SE 1.4 (February 6, 2002) — Codename Merlin. This was the first release of the
Java platform developed under the Java Community Process as JSR 59.[4] Major
changes included regular expressions modeled after Perl, exception chaining, an
integrated XML parser and XSLT processor (JAXP), and Java Web Start.
J2SE 5.0 (September 30, 2004) — Codename Tiger. Originally numbered 1.5, which
is still used as the internal version number.[5] Developed under JSR 176, Tiger
added a number of significant new language features.[6]
The current version, Java SE 6 (December 11, 2006) — Codename Mustang — is
bundled with a database manager, facilitates the use of scripting languages
(currently JavaScript using Mozilla's Rhino engine) with the JVM and has Visual
Basic language support. As of this version, Sun replaced the name "J2SE" with
Java SE and dropped the ".0" from the version number.[7] Other major changes
include scripting language support, support for pluggable annotations (JSR 269),
lots of GUI improvements, including native UI enhancements to support the look
and feel of Windows Vista, and improvements to the Java Platform Debugger
Architecture (JPDA) & JVM Tool Interface for better monitoring and
troubleshooting
Java SE 7 — Codename Dolphin. This is in the early planning stages. The Dolphin
Project started up in August 2006, with release estimated in 2008. New builds
including enhancements and bug fixes are released approximately weekly.[8]
In addition to the language changes, much more dramatic changes have been made
to the Java class library over the years, which has grown from a few hundred
classes in JDK 1.0 to over three thousand in J2SE 5.0. Entire new APIs, such as
Swing and Java2D, have been introduced, and many of the original JDK 1.0 classes
and methods have been deprecated.
Usage
Desktop use
According to Sun, the Java Runtime Environment is found on over 700 million
PCs.[9] Microsoft has not bundled a Java Runtime Environment (JRE) with its
operating systems since Sun Microsystems sued Microsoft for adding
Windows-specific classes to the bundled Java runtime environment, and for making
the new classes available through Visual J++. A Java runtime environment is
bundled with Apple's Mac OS X, and many Linux distributions include the
partially compatible free software package GNU Classpath.[10]
Some Java applications are in fairly widespread desktop use, including the
NetBeans and Eclipse integrated development environments, and file sharing
clients such as LimeWire and Azureus. Java is also used in the MATLAB
mathematics programming environment, both for rendering the user interface and
as part of the core system.
Mobile devices
Java ME has become popular in mobile devices, where it competes with Symbian,
BREW, and the .NET Compact Framework.
The diversity of mobile phone manufacturers has led to a need for new unified
standards so programs can run on phones from different suppliers - MIDP. The
first standard was MIDP 1, which assumed a small screen size, no access to
audio, and a 32kB program limit. The more recent MIDP 2 allows access to audio,
and up to 64kB for the program size. With handset designs improving more rapidly
than the standards, some manufacturers relax some limitations in the standards,
for example, maximum program size.
Web server and enterprise use
Licensing
The source code for Sun's implementations of Java (which is effectively the
de-facto reference implementation) has been available for some time, but until
recently the license terms severely restricted what could be done with it
without signing (and generally paying for) a contract with Sun. As such these
terms did not satisfy the requirements of either the Open Source Initiative or
the Free Software Foundation to be considered open source or free software, and
Sun Java was therefore a proprietary platform.[11]
While several third-party projects (e.g. GNU Classpath and Apache Harmony)
created free software partial Java implementations, the sheer size of the Sun
libraries combined with the use of clean room techniques meant that their
implementations of the Java libraries (the compiler and vm are comparatively
small and well defined) were incomplete and not fully compatible. These
implementations also tended to be a long way behind Sun's in terms of
optimization.
Free software
Sun announced in JavaOne 2006 that Java would become Open Source,[12] and on
October 25, 2006, at the Oracle OpenWorld conference, Jonathan Schwartz said
that the company was set to announce the open-sourcing of the core Java Platform
within 30 to 60 days.[13]
Sun released the Java HotSpot virtual machine and compiler as free software
under the GNU General Public License on 13 November 2006, with a promise that
the rest of the JDK (which includes the JRE) would be placed under the GPL by
March 2007 ("except for a few components that Sun does not have the right to
publish in source form under the GPL").[14] According to Richard Stallman, this
would mean an end to the Java trap. Mark Shuttleworth called the initial press
announcement, "A real milestone for the free software community".[15]
Sun released the complete source code of the Class library under GPL on May 8,
2007, except some limited parts that were licensed by Sun from 3rd parties who
did not want their code to be released under an open-source license.[16] Some of
the encumbered parts turned out to be fairly key parts of the platform such as
font rendering and 2D rasterisation. Sun's goal is to replace the parts that
remain closed with alternative implementations and make the class library
completely open.
In computer science, dynamic memory allocation is the allocation of memory
storage for use in a computer program during the runtime of that program. It is
a way of distributing ownership of limited memory resources among many pieces of
data and code. Importantly, the amount of memory allocated is determined by the
program at the time of allocation and need not be known in advance. A dynamic
allocation exists until it is explicitly released, either by the programmer or
by a garbage collector; this is notably different from automatic and static
memory allocation, which require advance knowledge of the required amount of
memory and have a fixed duration. It is said that an object so allocated has
dynamic lifetime.
Details
The task of fulfilling an allocation request, which involves finding a block of
unused memory of sufficient size, is complicated by the need to avoid both
internal and external fragmentation while keeping both allocation and
deallocation efficient. Also, the allocator's metadata can inflate the size of
(individually) small allocations; chunking attempts to reduce this effect.
Usually, memory is allocated from a large pool of unused memory area called the
heap (also called the free store). Since the precise location of the allocation
is not known in advance, the memory is accessed indirectly, usually via a
reference. The precise algorithm used to organize the memory area and allocate
and deallocate chunks is hidden behind an abstract interface and may use any of
the methods described below.
Implementations
Fixed-size-blocks allocation
This scheme uses a free list of fixed-size blocks of memory (often all of the
same size). This works well for simple embedded systems.
Buddy blocks
In this system, memory is allocated from a large block of memory that is a power
of two in size. If the block is more than twice as large as desired, it is
broken in two. One of the halves is selected, and the process repeats (checking
the size again and splitting if needed) until the block is just large enough.
All the blocks of a particular size are kept in a sorted linked list or tree.
When a block is freed, it is compared to its buddy. If they are both free, they
are combined and placed in the next-largest size buddy-block list. (When a block
is allocated, the allocator will start with the smallest sufficiently large
block avoiding needlessly breaking blocks)
Buddy block allocators are used both in real-time operating systems and in
general-purpose operating systems (such as Microsoft Windows and Linux).
Are you interested in
mult-player online internet games? Such as runescape and neopets?Internet
Game Online-games, tips, cheats and kids forumsAnother
good forum is the Internet Junction For Gamers IJFG.COM
Internet Junction For Gamers, Runescape Market and
More IJFG.COM Jokes, Pranks, Runescape and other cool games at IJFG.COM.
RuneScape is set in a medieval fantasy world, similar to "Guild Wars" or
"EverQuest", where players control character representations of themselves. As
with most massive multiplayer online roleplaying games (MMORPG), there is no
overall objective or end to the game. Players explore, form alliances, perform
optional tasks, and complete quests for rewards and to build character's skills.
RuneScape has often been one of
the top massive online role playing games. It is a unique game. But, with a
unique game, comes unique players. Players get bored, and then try to develop
cheats....autos or bots that will help them achieve success in their beloved
games of Runescape 2.
RuneScape is a virtual world which
is divided into two part: Members Areas and Non-Members areas. People who pay to
play (p2p), receive access to the special areas. They also have access to the
free areas. The members' places are much larger, offer "better" items for the
gameplay of rs2, and much, much more. The character that you create when you
first start playing runescape, moves around the game on foot; either by running,
or walking. Players are challenged to their utmost skills by fighting new
monsters, completing difficult quests, and manipulating marketing. As Runescape
2 is an RPG (Role playing game), there is no set path a person must take to play
rs. They can choose what to do, and when, whether it be training their
money-making skills, or fighting another player. Players usually interact with
each other by chatting through public chat, or private chat.Internet
Junction For Gamers, Runescape Market and More IJFG.COM IJFG.com was a
runescape 2 based site. They have now, however, taken another look....
Of course the king of all game
cheating websites is
trick
the trik (otherwise known as RPG Cheats Site), where you can find cheat
forums, mmorpg topsite, arcade games and any mmo game related topics.
The master of massive multiplayer
online role-playing games (MMORPG) cheats can be found at Trik.com
Trik.com; this site is one of the best today. The forum section,
Trik.com forum, originally came from IJFG.com (Internet Junction For
Gamers) , which was one of the best websites that discussed various gamers'
issues. The full name was Internet Junction For Gamers, Runescape Market and
More. This site had Jokes, Pranks, RuneScape and other cool games. RuneScape is
set in a medieval fantasy world, similar to "Guild Wars" or "EverQuest," where
players control character representations of themselves. As with most MMORPG,
there is no overall objective or end to the game. Players explore, form
alliances, perform optional tasks, and complete quests for rewards and to build
characters' skills.
Trik.com continues IJFG.com's
success, but Trik.com has more to offer. Trik Topsite can be found at
Trik Topsite; the TopSite is a great addition if you want to find the best
MMO RPG site(s) or raise your site in the rankings. Trik.com also has a
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prove yourself at Trik.com arcade:
Trik arcade. Trik.com ?Trik.com/topsite ?Trik.com/forum/arcade.php
With the rising popularity of
commercial MMORPG games came the desire from ardent players of these games to
run their own servers beside the ones run by the game's creator. Since the
original server software is not usually available, the behavior of the server
has to be re-engineered. This can be done by analyzing the data stream with the
original server, or by disassembling and analyzing the client which is
available.
Ultima Online was one of the first
large MMORPGs. Due to its openness in implementation, server emulators arose
very quickly, even during the beta stage of development. The destination to
which the client connects was changeable by simply editing a text file. In beta
stage the client-server data stream was not encrypted yet. The term server
emulator became known through Ultima Online server reimplementation such as UOX,
which was the pioneer. Many forks and reimplementations followed UOX, because
its source code was released under the GNU General Public License relatively
early. RunUO is today the most widely used UO-server emulator. After RuneScape
implemented anti-cheating measures, many gamers left and started their own
private servers. The best place to discuss the private server is at
Trik- The Master of Private Server.
Another useful site is
Rune
Web ruwb.com . This site is about more serious RuneScape gold trading,
account exchange, gold for real life cash and many services. It includes tips on
how to avoid getting lured/scammed while using the marketplace. For programming,
visual basics, java, C/C++, scar and all other languages such as PHP, HTML, ASP,
Delphi. There are also sections for graphics talents, plus many cool videos and
fun stuff.
A defining moment in internet
gaming history was when a group of gamers called (hygo 7) decided to start an
ultimate game forum, which they named
hygo.com. It has the best financial backing, the friendliest game community,
and the highest quality of information. Currently Hygo.com has entered a new
phase...Hygo.com is offering the best private server game. With thousands of
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a community and economy.
Hygo.com - The Online Adventure Game. is definitely one of the top sites you
want to join right now!
EZud is another popular site.
ezud.com. It has the best runescape bug abuse, bugs and trik.
ezud.com - The runescape bugs. is definitely one of the best sites you want
to join right now!
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